%PDF-1.3 1 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 2 0 R >> endobj 2 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Kids [3 0 R] /Count 1 >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 2 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F1 4 0 R >> >> /MediaBox [0 0 595.276 841.890] /Contents 5 0 R >> endobj 4 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /BaseFont /ArialUnicodeMS /Encoding /Identity-H /ToUnicode 5 0 R >> endobj 5 0 obj << /Length 3000 >> stream BT /F1 20 Tf 150 750 Td (online sports betting pa) Tj BT /F1 12 Tf 50 700 Td (Information Overload) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 688 Td (Cognitive biases greatly worsen the problem. In a set of groundbreaking studies ) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 668 Td (in 1932, psychologist Frederic Bartlett told volunteers a Native American legend) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 648 Td ( about a young man who hears war cries and, pursuing them, enters a dreamlike ba) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 628 Td (ttle that eventually leads to his real death. Bartlett asked the volunteers, who) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 608 Td ( were non-Native, to recall the rather confusing story at increasing intervals, ) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 588 Td (from minutes to years later. He found that as time passed, the rememberers tende) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 568 Td (d to distort the tale's culturally unfamiliar parts such that they were eith) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 548 Td (er lost to memory or transformed into more familiar things. We now know that our) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 528 Td ( minds do this all the time: they adjust our understanding of new information so) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 508 Td ( that it fits in with what we already know. One consequence of this so-called co) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 488 Td (nfirmation bias is that people often seek out, recall and understand information) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 468 Td ( that best confirms what they already believe.) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 456 Td (Making matters worse, search engines and social media platforms provide personal) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 436 Td (ized recommendations based on the vast amounts of data they have about users') Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 416 Td (; past preferences. They prioritize information in our feeds that we are most li) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 396 Td (kely to agree with-no matter how fringe-and shield us from information that migh) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 376 Td (t change our minds. This makes us easy targets for polarization. Nir Grinberg an) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 356 Td (d his co-workers at Northeastern University showed in 2019 that conservatives in) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 336 Td ( the U.S. are more receptive to misinformation. But our own analysis of consumpt) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 316 Td (ion of low-quality information on Twitter shows that the vulnerability applies t) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 296 Td (o both sides of the political spectrum, and no one can fully avoid it. Even our ) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 276 Td (ability to detect online manipulation is affected by our political bias, though ) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 256 Td (not symmetrically: Republican users are more likely to mistake bots promoting co) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 236 Td (nservative ideas for humans, whereas Democrats are more likely to mistake conser) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 216 Td (vative human users for bots.) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 204 Td (Such social conformity is pervasive. In a fascinating 2006 study involving 14,00) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 184 Td (0 Web-based volunteers, Matthew Salganik, then at Columbia University, and his c) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 164 Td (olleagues found that when people can see what music others are downloading, they) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 144 Td ( end up downloading similar songs. Moreover, when people were isolated into &quo) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 124 Td (t;social" groups, in which they could see the preferences of others in thei) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 104 Td (r circle but had no information about outsiders, the choices of individual group) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 84 Td (s rapidly diverged. But the preferences of "nonsocial" groups, where n) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 64 Td (o one knew about others' choices, stayed relatively stable. In other words, ) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 44 Td (social groups create a pressure toward conformity so powerful that it can overco) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 24 Td (me individual preferences, and by amplifying random early differences, it can ca) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 4 Td (use segregated groups to diverge to extremes.) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -8 Td (Indeed, the political echo chambers on Twitter are so extreme that individual us) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -28 Td (ers' political leanings can be predicted with high accuracy: you have the sa) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -48 Td (me opinions as the majority of your connections. This chambered structure effici) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -68 Td (ently spreads information within a community while insulating that community fro) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -88 Td (m other groups. In 2014 our research group was targeted by a disinformation camp) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -108 Td (aign claiming that we were part of a politically motivated effort to suppress fr) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -128 Td (ee speech. This false charge spread virally mostly in the conservative echo cham) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -148 Td (ber, whereas debunking articles by fact-checkers were found mainly in the libera) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -168 Td (l community. Sadly, such segregation of fake news items from their fact-check re) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -188 Td (ports is the norm.) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -200 Td (One of the best ideas may be to make it more difficult to create and share low-q) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -220 Td (uality information. This could involve adding friction by forcing people to pay ) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -240 Td (to share or receive information. Payment could be in the form of time, mental wo) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -260 Td (rk such as puzzles, or microscopic fees for subscriptions or usage. Automated po) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -280 Td (sting should be treated like advertising. Some platforms are already using frict) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -300 Td (ion in the form of CAPTCHAs and phone confirmation to access accounts. Twitter h) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -320 Td (as placed limits on automated posting. These efforts could be expanded to gradua) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -340 Td (lly shift online sharing incentives toward information that is valuable to consu) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -360 Td (mers.) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -372 Td (How Make Money Off Amazon's Little-Known Video Service) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -384 Td (Courtesy of Glass House Distribution) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -396 Td (Amazon Video Direct, a self-service program where anyone can upload a video and ) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -416 Td (make money off of its distribution, is giving a number of filmmakers and digital) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -436 Td ( companies access to the same audiences watching Transparent or The Man in the H) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -456 Td (igh Castle. In the 16 months since its launch, the program has paid out "te) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -476 Td (ns of millions" to its partners, executives say, as it has caught on with s) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -496 Td (uch firms as Funny or Die and several dozen indie filmmakers.) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -508 Td (Partners can release projects via Amazon Prime, sell them through a stand-alone ) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -528 Td (subscription, charge for rental or purchase, or offer them free with ads. Terms ) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -548 Td (vary based on the release strategy, but in general, Amazon pays U.S. partners ei) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -568 Td (ther 15 cents per hour streamed or 50 percent of revenue generated. And there ar) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -588 Td (e bonuses awarded to creators who participate in AVD's Film Festival Stars p) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -608 Td (rogram, in which indie filmmakers can earn up to $100,000 in upfront cash for pr) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -628 Td (emiering their films on Amazon. To date, the program has paid $3.75 million for ) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -648 Td (exclusive streaming rights to more than 75 films.) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -660 Td (Amazon's recommendation algorithm will surface projects distributed via AVD ) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -680 Td (based on a person's viewing history. "We have a lot of experience in pe) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -700 Td (rsonalization," says Orme. "Our algorithms are always looking to match) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -720 Td ( content up with the right audience." ) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -732 Td (For Funny or Die, which has made Amazon one of the primary distribution platform) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -752 Td (s (outside of its own website) for its digital videos, it was attractive that pr) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -772 Td (ojects would live alongside fare typically found on TV. The company was impresse) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -792 Td (d with early results on such video compilations as "The Very Best of Will F) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -812 Td (errell" that it even released web series The Real Stephen Blatt starring Ju) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -832 Td (stin Long on Amazon (and not its own site) in July. "It's all about the) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -852 Td ( way the content is experienced," says Funny or Die vp partner content Bria) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -872 Td (n Toombs. "It's behind the paywall, so it feels premium in nature.") Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -892 Td (;) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -904 Td ( The Macam slot online store also sells macam slot online for free.) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -916 Td ( The Macam slot online store also sells macam slot online for free.) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -928 Td ( The Macam slot online store also sells macam slot online for free.) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -940 Td ( The Macam slot online store also sells macam slot online for free.) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -952 Td ( The Macam slot online store also sells macam slot online for free.) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -964 Td ( The Macam slot online store also sells macam slot online for free.) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -976 Td (------------------------------------------) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -996 Td (Author: photo-grafitti.com) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -1016 Td (Subject: online sports betting pa) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -1036 Td (Keywords: online sports betting pa) Tj T* BT /F1 12 Tf 50 -1056 Td (Update: 2023/12/2 22:03:38) Tj T* endstream endobj xref 0 6 0000000000 65535 f 0000000017 00000 n 0000000078 00000 n 0000000178 00000 n 0000000262 00000 n 0000003045 00000 n trailer << /Size 6 /Root 1 0 R >> startxref 3071 %%EOF